OCT及OCTA在阿尔茨海默病诊断中的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病是一种进行性且不可逆转的神经系统疾病,由于视网膜和中枢神经系统有相似的胚胎起源和生理特征,眼科检查可提供简单无创的诊断方法。光学相干断层扫描技术(OCT)能够精确地测量视网膜各个组织层面的厚度,以评估视网膜的退行性改变,光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)可以提供高分辨率三维成像,从而更直观地检测视网膜血管的变化,间接地反映脑神经元和血管的病理特征。就OCT测量视网膜厚度及OCTA测量视网膜血流变化在阿尔茨海默病诊断中的研究进展进行综述。     

针刺加重复经颅磁刺激治疗脑卒中后失眠的临床观察

目的:评价“通督调神法”针刺加重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)治疗脑卒中后失眠的临床疗效。方法:将72例脑卒中后失眠患者随机分为2组,每组36例。对照组采用频率1 Hz、运动阈值90%的rTMS治疗,观察组在对照组rTMS治疗基础上加“通督调神法”针刺治疗。穴位取百会、神庭、印堂、风府、四神聪、神门、三阴交、申脉和照海。每日治疗1次,每周治疗5d后休息2d,共治疗4周。现察两组治疗后匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、焦虑自测量表(SAS)和抑部自测量表(SDS)评分改善情况,并进行两组临床疗效比较。结果:治疗4周后,两组PSQK SAS及SDS评分均降低,组内差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001);观察组治疗后三项评分均低于对照组,组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.001),现察组和对照组临床疗效差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:“通督调神法”针刺加rTMS治疗脑卒中后失眠疗效优于单独rTMS治疗,且能更好地改善患者焦虑、抑耶情绪。     

Role of optical coherence tomography angiography in the characterization of vascular network patterns of ocular surface squamous neoplasia

PurposeTo visualize and quantify vascular networks in individuals with ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) through optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).MethodCross-sectional study of OSSN patients. Vascular networks were measured by OCTA in the epithelium and sub-epithelial space in the tumors, adjacent tissue, and in the contralateral eye. Vessel area density (VAD, percent of blood vessels within 2.14 mm²), was calculated for each location. Total tumor density (TTD, percent of blood vessels within the entire tumor) was calculated. VAD was assessed separately for corneal and conjunctival locations and compared.ResultsFifteen patients with OSSN were included. The mean age was 61 ± 12 years and the majority were male (80%). The mean tumor area, volume, depth, and TTD were 28.0 ± 9.0 mm² (range, 10.9–39.7), 9.1 ± 4.1 mm³ (range, 3.4–18.8), 334 ± 125 μm (range, 177–571), and 33.2% ± 11.0% (range, 18.7–58.8), respectively. The VAD was highest within the tumor (28.9% ± 8.7%) followed by the adjacent sub-epithelial tissue and the tissue underneath the conjunctival component of tumor. These densities were higher than the VAD in the tissues of the non-involved eye (all P < 0.05). The VAD within conjunctival component of tumor was significantly higher than those with corneal component (29.8% ± 9.5% vs. 21.1% ± 5.5%, p = 0.006). The VAD under conjunctival tumor was also significantly higher than under corneal component (24.1% ± 7.8% vs. 17.0% ± 6.1%, p = 0.024).ConclusionsOCTA imaging allowed for visualization and quantification of vessel structure and density within, under, and surrounding OSSN.     

Optical coherence tomography angiography in the evaluation of vascular patterns of ocular surface squamous neoplasia during topical medical treatment

PurposeOptical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was utilized to examine changes in ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) vascular patterns over time in individuals treated with topical medical therapy.MethodsTen individuals with OSSN diagnosed by clinical examination and high resolution (HR)-optical coherence tomography (OCT) were recruited. All individuals received topical immuno- or chemotherapy. OCTA images were obtained and analyzed at three points: presentation, mid-treatment and tumor resolution. Tumor metrics including tumor area (TA), tumor volume (TV), tumor depth (TD), and total tumor density (TTD) were calculated. Vessel area density (VAD) was also quantified within the OSSN, the subepithelium under and adjacent to the OSSN and the subepithelium of the uninvolved, contralateral eye. Vascular network changes were also subjectively evaluated.ResultsTA, TV, TD and TTD all significantly decreased with time (p < 0.001). The mean VAD within the OSSN significantly decreased (p < 0.001) between visits (presentation: 26.52 ± 6.8%, mid-treatment: 7.19 ± 5.88%, tumor resolution: 0.11 ± 0.34%). The mean subepithelial VAD under the OSSN also decreased with time (23.22 ± 11.03%, 20.99 ± 5.99% and 19.58 ± 7.08%), and after resolution the sub-tumor VAD (19.58 ± 7.08%) was comparable to the subepithelial VAD in the contralateral eye (15.47 ± 4.37%, p > 0.05). The mean VAD in the subepithelium adjacent to the OSSN increased with treatment, then decreased significantly between mid-treatment and resolution (23.26 ± 4.54, 28.30 ± 7.43% and 21.68 ± 6.10%, p = 0.009). Qualitatively, the tumor subepithelial vascular network was complex and dense but with tumor resolution appeared less tortuous and similar to the uninvolved eye.ConclusionOCTA provided insight into the pathophysiology of tumor angiogenesis, showing decreased vascular density and normalization of vascular networks associated with tumor resolution.     

In vitro evaluation of paclitaxel coatings for delivery via drug-coated balloons

Lately, drug-coated balloons have been introduced in interventional cardiology as an approach to treat occluded blood vessel. They were developed for the rapid transfer of antiproliferative drugs during the angioplasty procedure in stenosed vessels with the intent to reduce the risk of restenosis. In this study five different paclitaxel (PTX) balloon coatings were tested in vitro in order to examine how solvents and additives influence coating stability and drug transfer rates. PTX-coated balloons were advanced through a guiding catheter and a simulated coronary artery pathway under perfusion and were then inflated in a hydrogel acceptor compartment. The fractions transferred to the gel, remaining on the balloon and the PTX lost in the simulated coronary pathway were then analysed. The results obtained suggest that the solvent used for the coating process strongly influences the surface structure and the stability of the coating.Ethanol/water and acetone based PTX coatings showed the lowest drug transfer rates to the simulated vessel wall (both <1%) due to their high drug losses during the prior passage through the coronary artery model (more than 95%). Balloons coated with PTX from ethyl acetate-solutions showed smaller drug loss (83% ± 9%), but most of the remaining PTX was not transferred (mean balloon residue approximately 15%).Beside the solvent, the use of additives seemed to have a great impact on transfer properties. The balloon pre-treatment with a crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) film was able to increase the PTX transfer rate from less than 1% (without PVP) to approximately 6%. The best results in this study were obtained for balloon coatings with commercially available SeQuent© Please balloons containing the contrast agent iopromide. For this formulation drug transfer rates of approximately 17% were determined. Fluorescence microscopic imaging could visualize the particulate transfer of labelled PTX from the balloon surface during dilatation. The findings of this study underline the importance of drug adhesion and coating stability for the efficiency of PTX transfer.     

开放手术治疗近肾腹主动脉闭塞的临床分析

背景与目的 近肾腹主动脉闭塞属于主髂动脉闭塞的极端情况,治疗相对棘手。尽管腔内治疗适用于此类患者,开放手术治疗仍有其适应证所在。本研究分析近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者行开放手术治疗的效果,并总结经验及其治疗策略。方法 收集首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院血管外科2018年7月—2022年5月期间行开放手术治疗的10例近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者的临床资料。回顾性分析患者的一般资料、手术方式、手术时间、术中出血量、腹主动脉阻断方式、肾上腹主动脉阻断时间、手术并发症、症状缓解程度及随访结果。结果 10例患者手术均顺利完成。手术时间210~420 min,中位手术时间为265 min;术中出血200~1 200 mL,中位出血量375 mL。3例行膈下腹主动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术,其中1例同时行右膝上截肢术;1例行膈下腹主动脉-双髂总动脉人工血管搭桥术,同时重建肠系膜下动脉;5例行肾下腹主动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术;1例行腋动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术并左颈动脉内膜剥脱术。膈下腹主动脉阻断4例,肾上肾下序贯腹主动脉阻断1例,肾下腹主动脉阻断4例。肾上腹主动脉阻断时间14~20 min,中位阻断时间20 min。围手术期无心脑血管意外、死亡、肾功能障碍及人工血管感染发生。10例患者术后双下肢间歇性跛行或静息痛症状均消失,双侧足背或胫后动脉搏动均可扪及。10例患者获随访4~40个月,中位随访时间27个月,随访期间桥血管均通畅、吻合口无狭窄、无下肢及肠道缺血表现。结论 近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者行开放手术治疗效果确切,桥血管远期通畅率高,需根据患者不同情况采取个体化的治疗方式。     

下腔静脉在后腹腔镜右侧肾上腺切除术中作为解剖标志的应用探讨

目的基于对右侧肾上腺血管的手术经验总结,探讨后腹腔镜右侧肾上腺切除术中以下腔静脉为解剖标志准确分离出肾上腺动静脉层面的临床可行性及意义。 方法回顾性分析2020年1月至2021年9月,临沂市人民医院收治的36例右侧肾上腺腺瘤患者,均行后腹腔途径手术,手术由同一名手术医师(高年资主治医师,肾上腺总手术量大于300例)完成,以下腔静脉为解剖标志寻找并处理肾上腺动静脉并切除或部分切除右侧肾上腺。 结果本组36例手术均顺利完成。平均手术时间32 min,平均术中出血量20 ml,平均下床活动时间为术后16 h,平均术后住院时间2.4 d。 结论后腹腔镜下右侧肾上腺手术过程中以下腔静脉为解剖标志进行肾上腺血管的解剖分离,可将肾上腺动静脉的前后层次关系安全显露,有利于准确控制中央静脉、更好地显露手术视野和减少术中出血。